{"id":594,"date":"2021-07-18T11:00:44","date_gmt":"2021-07-18T10:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/?p=594"},"modified":"2021-07-22T14:34:46","modified_gmt":"2021-07-22T13:34:46","slug":"41-gruinard-island","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/?p=594","title":{"rendered":"41- Gruinard Island"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('audio');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-594-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/anchor.fm\/s\/3d2240d8\/podcast\/play\/30814796\/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ctxlq1ktw2nl.cloudfront.net%2Fproduction%2F2021-6-12%2F204796858-44100-2-665133c3e099f.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/anchor.fm\/s\/3d2240d8\/podcast\/play\/30814796\/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ctxlq1ktw2nl.cloudfront.net%2Fproduction%2F2021-6-12%2F204796858-44100-2-665133c3e099f.mp3\">https:\/\/anchor.fm\/s\/3d2240d8\/podcast\/play\/30814796\/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ctxlq1ktw2nl.cloudfront.net%2Fproduction%2F2021-6-12%2F204796858-44100-2-665133c3e099f.mp3<\/a><\/audio>Biological warfare has tragically been around for centuries, including the famous example of the Mongols catapulting heads over the walls of Kaffa (which I&#8217;m almost certainly oversimplifying here and won&#8217;t cover today). However, I want to talk today about experiments conducted with anthrax on Gruinard Island, right here in the UK.<br \/>\nSources for this episode: 1) Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Gruinard Island (online) [Accessed 26\/04\/2021]. 2) Author unknown, Gov.uk (date unknown), The Truth About Porton Down (online) [Accessed 21\/05\/2021]. 3) Riedel, S. (2004), Biological warfare and bioterrorism: a historical warfare, BUMC Proceedings 17: 400-406. 4) Johnson, M. P., Pye, S. and Allcock, L. (2008), Dispersal mode and assessments of recovery on the shores of Gruinard, the &#8216;anthrax island&#8217;, Biodiversity Conservation 17: 721-732. 5) Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Dunlap, P. V. and Clark, D. P. (2009), Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th Edition, International Edition), San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings Ltd. 6) Author unknown, BBC News (2001), Britain&#8217;s &#8216;Anthrax Island&#8217; (online) [Accessed 21\/05\/2021].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biological warfare has tragically been around for centuries, including the famous example of the Mongols catapulting heads over the walls of Kaffa (which I&#8217;m almost certainly oversimplifying here and won&#8217;t cover today). However, I want to talk today about experiments conducted with anthrax on Gruinard Island, right here in the UK. Sources for this episode: &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/?p=594\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;41- Gruinard Island&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/594"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=594"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/594\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":595,"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/594\/revisions\/595"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=594"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=594"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=594"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}