{"id":690,"date":"2025-02-23T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-23T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/?p=690"},"modified":"2025-02-23T12:00:00","modified_gmt":"2025-02-23T12:00:00","slug":"97-the-hottest-summer-in-2000-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/?p=690","title":{"rendered":"97- The Hottest Summer in 2000 Years"},"content":{"rendered":"<!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('audio');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-690-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/anchor.fm\/s\/3d2240d8\/podcast\/play\/89244325\/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ctxlq1ktw2nl.cloudfront.net%2Fstaging%2F2024-6-15%2F56a4308d-66c7-c1f0-e300-6659085573f2.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/anchor.fm\/s\/3d2240d8\/podcast\/play\/89244325\/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ctxlq1ktw2nl.cloudfront.net%2Fstaging%2F2024-6-15%2F56a4308d-66c7-c1f0-e300-6659085573f2.mp3\">https:\/\/anchor.fm\/s\/3d2240d8\/podcast\/play\/89244325\/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ctxlq1ktw2nl.cloudfront.net%2Fstaging%2F2024-6-15%2F56a4308d-66c7-c1f0-e300-6659085573f2.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>2023 was a warm year. But let&#8217;s put it into context. To do that, a 2024 study looked at temperature and tree core data to assemble summer temperatures all the way back to 1 CE. As for the result- the title speaks for itself&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sources for this episode:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bianchi, G. G., &amp; McCave, I. N. (1999). Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland. Nature, 397(6719): 515\u2013517.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcntgen, U., Myglan, V. S., Ljungqvist, F. C., McCormick, M., Di Cosmo, N., Sigl, M., Jungclaus, J., Wagner, S., Krusic, P. J., Esper, J., Kaplan, J. O., de Vaan, M. A. C., Luterbacher, J., Wacker, L., Tegel, W., &amp; Kirdyanov, A. V. (2016). Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD. Nature Geoscience, 9(3): 231\u2013236.<\/li>\n<li>Dull, R. A., Southon, J. R., Kutterolf, S., Anchukaitis, K. J., Freundt, A., Wahl, D. B., Sheets, P., Amaroli, P., Hernandez, W., Wiemann, M. C., &amp; Oppenheimer, C. (2019). Radiocarbon and geologic evidence reveal Ilopango volcano as source of the colossal \u2018mystery\u2019 eruption of 539\/40 CE. Quaternary Science Reviews, 222: 105855.<\/li>\n<li>Dytham, C. (2011). Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist\u2019s Guide (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.<\/li>\n<li>Esper, J., Torbenson, M. and B\u00fcntgen, U. (2024), 2023 summer warmth unparalleled over the past 2,000 years. Nature 631: 94-97.<\/li>\n<li>Goosse, H., Crespin, E., Dubinkina, S., Loutre, M.-F., Mann, M. E., Renssen, H., Sallaz-Damaz, Y., &amp; Shindell, D. (2012). The role of forcing and internal dynamics in explaining the \u201cMedieval Climate Anomaly.\u201d Climate Dynamics, 39(12): 2847\u20132866.<\/li>\n<li>Graham, N. E., Ammann, C. M., Fleitmann, D., Cobb, K. M., &amp; Luterbacher, J. (2011). Support for global climate reorganization during the \u201cMedieval Climate Anomaly.\u201d Climate Dynamics, 37(5\u20136): 1217\u20131245.<\/li>\n<li>Lamb, H. H. (1965). The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1(1): 13\u201337.<\/li>\n<li>Lowe, J., &amp; Walker, M. (2015). Reconstructing Quaternary Environments (3rd ed.). Routledge.<\/li>\n<li>Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R. S., Hughes, M. K., Shindell, D., Ammann, C., Faluvegi, G., &amp; Ni, F. (2009). Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science, 326(5957): 1256\u20131260.<\/li>\n<li>Matthews, J. A., &amp; Briffa, K. R. (2005). The \u2018little ice age\u2019: re\u2010evaluation of an evolving concept. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 87(1): 17\u201336.<\/li>\n<li>Shi, F., Sun, C., Guion, A., Yin, Q., Zhao, S., Liu, T., &amp; Guo, Z. (2022). Roman Warm Period and Late Antique Little Ice Age in an Earth System Model Large Ensemble. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(16): e2021JD035832.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2023 was a warm year. But let&#8217;s put it into context. To do that, a 2024 study looked at temperature and tree core data to assemble summer temperatures all the way back to 1 CE. As for the result- the title speaks for itself&#8230; Sources for this episode: Bianchi, G. G., &amp; McCave, I. N. &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/?p=690\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;97- The Hottest Summer in 2000 Years&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/690"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=690"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/690\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=690"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=690"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biopedia.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=690"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}